![]() From there, we conducted unrestricted open coding, working together to examine, compare, break down, and conceptualize data. First, we read several hundred tweets to get a sense of the data. We conducted qualitative analysis of random selections taken from this set as recommended by Corbin and Strauss (2015). The data set included 100,396 English language tweets dated from Octoto November 8, 2016. This research Qualitative coding procedures In this second phase, we chi-square tests explored how differing types of accounts employed the qualitatively derived categories to differing extents. In phase one we placed tweets into qualitatively derived categories (see below) that facilitated the quantitative second phase of research. Research began with an initial qualitative phase in which we performed a content analysis of IRA tweets. This study employed an exploratory sequential mixed methods design (Creswell, 2014). Research exploring propaganda has, to a great extent, focused on the form and source of the messaging. The work of the IRA, however, has extended propagandized broadcasts to social media in a new and covert way. troops throughout World War II, and Voice of America has for decades been a global mouthpiece of the U.S. History gives several examples of foreign governments attempting to influence populations of other nations. Allcot and Gentzkow's findings are consistent with the broader narrative suggesting social media played a major role in how issues rose to Agenda building They found that “the average US adult read and remembered on the order of one or perhaps several fake news articles during the election period, with higher exposure to pro-Trump articles than pro-Clinton articles” (p. Presidential campaignĪllcott and Gentzkow (2017) assessed the extent to which individual users were exposed to fake news during the 2016 election cycle. ![]() While it is possible that the efforts of Russia's IRA during the 2016 presidential election mark a high water mark of foreign influence Disinformation and the 2016 U.S. political sentiment or public discourse-are not a new problem” (Federal Bureau of Investigations, 2018). Marking the occasion, the press release announcing the launch noted that “Foreign influence operations-which include covert actions by foreign governments to influence U.S. ![]() In August 2018 the FBI launched a new website focused on combating foreign influence. Section snippets The sword and the shield ![]()
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